Table 1 Sample conversations between a student doctor and the chatbot impersonating a patient for practicing history taking (translated from Korean)

Student Doctor: “Hello, Mr. Kim. How may I help you today? “

Chatbot: " I was worried because the number of times I urinated and the amount of urine decreased over the past few days.”

Student Doctor: “You must be very worried. When did you start urinating less? “

Chatbot: “Three days ago, I suddenly started urinating less. I used to urinate 5–6 times a day, but now I only urinate 2–3 times a day.”

Student Doctor: “How much do you urinate per day? Can you explain the number of times and the amount in paper cups?”

Chatbot: “The amount of urine I urinate at one time is about half a paper cup.”

Student Doctor: “Do you feel any discomfort when you urinate?”

Chatbot: “There is no pain when I try to urinate. And I don’t feel like there is any urine left after urinating.”

Student Doctor: “Is there any blood in your urine?”

Chatbot: “No, there was no blood in my urine.”

Student Doctor: “OK. I will ask you about other symptoms besides urine. Have you ever had a fever or chills?”

Chatbot: “No, I have never had a fever or chills.”

Student Doctor: “Have you taken any cold medicine, painkillers, or fever reducers?”

Chatbot: “I recently had a toothache, so I took painkillers that I bought at the pharmacy twice a day. I didn’t take them today because I was going to the hospital.”