Fig. 4

a Effect of silver nanoparticles one-hour post-virus inoculation into cell culture assessed by CCID50 assay. Virus titers decreased from 5 Log10 in the control group to 3.25 Log10 initially and to 4 Log10 per milliliter at lower concentrations. At this stage, Ag-NPs did not significantly reduce virus titers. b Impact of silver nanoparticles one-hour post-virus inoculation into cell culture assessed by HA assay. HA results showed no significant reduction in virus titers following Ag-NPs treatment. Specifically, virus titers changed from 298 to 85 HAU per microliter at initial nanoparticle concentrations and to 213 HAU at final concentrations. c Impact of silver nanoparticles one-hour post-virus inoculation into cell culture assessed by Real-Time PCR analysis conducted in triplicate. Ag-NPs showed minimal impact on virus titers. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05 for all tests